via GoldwaterLibrary.org, 2/14/07 :
Here's a Review from one of AAOA's own that provides some contrast to Times critic Holland Cotter's recent take on the show.
via EXCHANGE, Department of Anthropology at the University of Chicago:
UNKNOWN ARTIST
Fante style
Asafo Company Flag
Ghana
late 19th - early 20th century
cotton and raffia fiber
34 x 66 inches (86.4 x 167.6 cm)
Primitivism
in the 21st century?
Review of a Chelsea Exhibition
By Laura Melnyczenko
Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania and the Americas
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York City
"Primitivism Revisited: After the End of an Idea," an exhibition
curated by graduate students of Susan Vogel from Columbia University at the
Sean Kelly Gallery in New York City, is one of many recent shows (1) that
reconsider controversial subjects of the past. It acknowledges that
Primitivism, as it was once understood, is no longer a convincing framework to
evaluate and compare art from different cultures, and reexamines it from the
perspective of the 21st century.
Before the End of an Idea
Primitivism refers to a period in the development of modern art that began when
a number of young, primarily French artists began seriously to consider the
aesthetics of sculptural objects from Africa, Oceania and the Americas. These
objects inspired new and meaningful ways of visually inventing and structuring
forms, and helped to forge a departure from the naturalism that dominated the
art of much of the 19th century. This revolutionary moment in the early 20th
century is regarded as the peak of Modernism and influenced such artists as Pablo Picasso, André Derain and Henri Matisse.
However, even as certain objects of "primitive" peoples were elevated
from ethnographic curiosities to prized artworks, little thought was given to
their historical or cultural significance. Those who created the objects,
moreover, were still seen through the racist lens of colonialism.
The concept of Primitivism was extensively studied by Robert Goldwater and
outlined in his 1938 landmark publication Primitivism in Modern Painting.
Goldwater argued that similarities between African and modern art objects were
almost coincidental and did not betray any deep cultural or artistic
connections. Almost fifty years later, a very different viewpoint was presented
at a controversial 1984 exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Organized by William Rubin and Kirk
Varnedoe, and entitled "'Primitivism' in 20th century Art: Affinity of the
Tribal and the Modern," the exhibition produced a torrent of criticism and
fueled debates which persisted for years. Unlike Goldwater, Rubin believed that
an essential spiritual and aesthetic bond connected African and modern Western
art. In pairing the works of renowned modern artists with "tribal"
objects to illustrate similarities in form, Rubin and Varnedoe were accused of
stripping the non-Western works of their social contexts and meanings and
designating them as "low" art within a tradition of "high"
arts.
After the end of Primitivism as a historical moment and more than twenty
years since the Rubin/Varnedoe exhibition, "Primitivism Revisited"
attempts to explore different connections in light of post-colonial thinking,
changes in cultural attitudes and globalization. By juxtaposing examples of
traditional African objects with contemporary art, the show offers (not so) new
alternatives for viewing and understanding art. As a more fluid approach that
centers on content more than form, the attempt falls short of displaying
original themes, inspiring works, or cohesion. The show does little to add to
the critical discussion that Primitivism initially elicited.
The New and the Not So New
The glaring inconsistency with this academic exhibition is that it takes place
within a for-profit gallery, where themes and text are typically scant. Also,
unlike the 1984 venture, Oceanic, Native American or Mesoamerican art are
omitted, a decision influenced by the fact that Vogel is an Africanist and
Kelly is personally vested in African art. The extent to which student curators
have creative control within gallery parameters and access to private
collections, perhaps could account for the stretched associations between
objects and themes. In addition, the questionable quality of some of the
traditional African works does not meet the standards that one would expect
within a show meant to showcase both genres. Such an undertaking seems better
suited at a university gallery in which the students would not be burdened with
crafting an exhibition for monetary gain. Locations are not neutral, as
exemplified by Primitivism, and one must also question whether the students
stumble into the same pitfalls as the original show by hosting it in a
contemporary gallery. Afro-centric venues, such as the Studio Museum in Harlem or The Museum for African Art, are environments that have the potential present
new interpretations of this subject.
The exhibition space itself is divided into thematic sections, including
"Manufacturing Authenticity," "Constructing Culture," and
"Beyond the Display Case," each curated by two students. Although
these themes may not have been used directly in relation to the concept of
Primitivism in over twenty years, they certainty have been investigated in a
number of Vogel's own provocative and pioneering exhibitions "Africa
Explores" (1991), "Exhibition-ism" (1994),
"Art/artifact" (1998) and in the more recent companion exhibits in
Monaco: "7000 Years of African Art" and "The Contemporary
Collection of Jean Pigozzi" (2005); the widely traveling "Africa
Remix" (2005); and "Picasso and Africa" (2006) in Johannesburg.
For a casual gallery viewer (or student curator) unfamiliar with this subject
matter, these musings may appear to be new innovations. However, they are very
much a part of the vernacular that non-Western art historians, museologists and
anthropologists are all fluent in today, as a result of the critical dialogue
that arose in the post-Primitivism era. New paradigms have emerged for ways of
thinking about "primitive art," marking a distinct transformation in
how exhibitions are conceived and how display strategies shape audience
interpretation.
Gavin Turk
Pile
2004
painted bronze
27 9/16 x 64 3/16 x 43 5/16 inches (70 x 163 x 110 cm)
edition of 6
Some of the exhibition themes highlight the connections between contemporary
pieces and traditional works in a direct manner easily understood by the
viewer. For instance, one section is dedicated to demonstrating that a gallery
is an artificial place for showcasing certain artworks and that many objects
cannot be understood without their performative contexts. A masking ensemble of
the Bwa peoples of Burkina Faso is paired with masks composed of laser-cut
mirrors, Naturalizations Masks (2003), by artist Pedro Lasch, that are meant to
be worn by a participatory audience. In the background, a video of the Bwa
dancing with their masks and children interacting with Lasch's masks are played
on a screen to solidify the idea that, unanimated, the viewer cannot attain a
complete appreciation. Although 1980s criticism certainly exhausted this
concept, it is one niche that illustrates its argument in an explicit way.
In the same room, the idea of the "fetish" is explored with a
Songye personal power figure (nkishi) from the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, featuring a lively
composition of metal tacks that obscures most of its surface, as the
centerpiece. This exceptional work was also included in the 1984 exhibition and
has been featured in a number of notable survey books of African art. It is
juxtaposed with Gavin Turk's Pile (2004), a group of naturalistically and
skillfully rendered painted bronze garbage bags displayed on the floor, which
deceived many into thinking they were actual rubbish. Pile inverts what is
considered a valued object in a consumerist society, especially when it
represents the most expensive work for sale in the exhibition. Also featured
are Ann Hamilton's unusual portraits from (untitled) body object series (1986,
1984). Despite outward similarities to "fetishes," they are included
for the artist's theoretical, not visual, interests.
Yinka Shonibare
Toy Painting 25
2005
emulsion, acrylic on textile, wire, toys
25 x 25 inches (63.5 x 63.5 cm)
Yinka Shonibare and El Anatsui, both successful contemporary African artists
and the only two represented in the exhibition, are shown to meld cultures
through the use of appropriation. Shonibare is known for his sumptuous use of
textiles; Anatsui for his glittering textile-like constructions from found
materials. Shonibare's Painting 25 (2005) and Anatsui's Key Issues at
Buttonline #1 (2003), are clearly at the center of a globalized contemporary
art world, yet responding to issues specific to the African continent. Adjacent
to these works is an example from a less known contemporary artist, KD. In an
advertising sign collected in Kumasi (early 21st century), an amusing portrayal of a clearly agitated man yelling
into a phone with the heading "UNEEK Business Centre" is painted on
sheet metal. It is a humorous observation on how many businesses in the West
operate.
The issue of tourist art and authenticity has been the focus of many
ambitious exhibitions developed in the past twenty years. The debate plays out
in a display of art made for tourists juxtaposed with traditional artworks
highly valued in the art market. Among the tourist art is a reproduction of a
Bamana chi wara headdress and an ambiguous contemporary mask from Nigeria with signs of age deliberately added. An object made from recycled materials, a
creative genre prevalent throughout Southern Africa, is
also featured in the form of a colorfully painted lion constructed from tin.
As some sections employed exhaustive wall text to strengthen vague
connections between ideas and artworks, others were inadequately explained,
leaving viewers confused as to why certain objects were grouped together.
"Primitivism Revisited" is an exercise in theory that wears on
viewers' patience to struggle through each densely intellectualized section. Given
the relatively short amount of time students were given to mount such a task,
the predetermined limitations of the project, and the impossibility of numerous
groups working independently to make a consistent whole, one can hope that this
endeavor was at least a learning experience for the students.
Primitivism holds a pivotal and infamous place in the study of non-Western
art and cultures. Its aftermath spurred a new generation of exhibits that
fostered more inclusive thinking. With this in mind, the ideas expressed in
"Primitivism Revisited" cannot be considered original or a notable
contribution to the already existing discourse on this subject.
Notes:
1) One of the more notable is "Africa
Remix" in 2005, organized at the Museum Kunst Palast in Düsseldorf, which
reexamined "Magiciens de la Terre" at the Centre Pompidou in
1989. Both were curated by Jean-Hubert Martin.
"Primitivism Revisited: After the End of an Idea," Sean Kelly
Gallery, www.skny.com,
528 West 29th Street, New York City, NY, through January 27th.
